Short answer west side gang sign meaning: The West Side gang sign, often referred to as the “W” hand gesture, is commonly associated with various street gangs located on the western side of cities. It typically represents allegiance or identification with a specific western-based gang and may vary in subtle differences depending on the region.Bloods and Crips, two prominent street gangs in Los Angeles, have distinctive hand signs to represent their affiliation. Bloods primarily use the letter “B” sign with crossed fingers while Crips often form a “C” shape with their hands. These gestures are used as symbols of loyalty and can vary by region or individual interpretation ...Apr 3, 2021 ... I like the part when he say we are doing a good job and I'm laying in bed. 6:21 · Go to channel · GANG SIGNS MEANINGS (CRIP & BLOOD ...Rheumatoid factor (RF) is a blood test that measures the amount of the RF antibody in the blood. Rheumatoid factor (RF) is a blood test that measures the amount of the RF antibody ...Hand sign used by Crips and Folk sets such as;Gangster Disciples or Black Disciples here in Houston. 5pt star is used by PEOPLE Nation sets like Latin Kings and Vice Lords. This sign has also been adopted by local Houston gangs such as Bloods or some Hispanic gangs. 5pt star is used by PEOPLE Nation sets like Latin Kings and Vice Lords.The pinky finger flexion plays an intriguing role within Rollin 20 Crips’ hand signs repertoire—representing unyielding loyalty amongst crew members. This subtle curl symbolizes unwavering solidarity and signifies one’s commitment towards defending each other even amidst adversity—a tangible testament to fraternity when words may falter.Oct 2, 2023 · B Sign: In contrast to the previous sign, displaying a closed fist with only your thumb extended signifies disrespect towards rival gangs such as the Bloods. The Bloods are arch-rivals of the Crips, hence their substitution of “B” for “C.” Pitchfork: Another commonly seen hand sign among Crips members is known as the pitchfork or three ... Some people have a natural tendency to talk with their hands. This will either come off as really passionate and expressive, or really annoying. If you talk with your hands you sho...The Bloods are a primarily African-American street gang founded in Los Angeles, California. The gang is widely known for its rivalry with the Crips. It is identified by the red color worn by its members and by particular gang symbols, including distinctive hand signs.The Bloods and Crips gang rivalry began in the Compton area of Los Angeles during the early 1970s, when the newer Bloods encroached on territory that was under the control of the a... Communication: Use of gestures and hand signs to distinguish affiliation to a gang. Notes and messages written on school lockers, notebooks, etc. Graffiti on notebooks, desks, walls and other school property. Use of gang language such as “homeboy”, “homegirl”, “homie”, “slob (Bloods) and “crab or cuz (Crips)”. 4. Use your left middle finger to form the second "O." Touch the tip of your middle finger to the first joint of your index finger (the "d") to form the second "O." 5. Push the two "O's" together to form the word Blood. The middle sections of your right ring finger and left middle finger will be touching. Part 3.One such form is hand gestures or gang signs, which serve as a way for members to identify themselves and intimidate rival groups. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the intricate language of Southside gang signs – decoding their meanings, origins, and cultural significance. Chapter 1: Deciphering Hand Gestures – The Hidden …Sep 4, 2023 · Blood gang hand signs are gestures used by members of the Bloods street gang to represent their affiliation. Commonly, these include a raised index and middle finger forming a ‘B’ shape or signifying the number two, representing “Second Letter” for Blood. Additionally, other hand signals can vary in meaning among subgroups within the gang. Short answer blood gang sign language: Blood gang sign language refers to a system of hand gestures and signs used by members of the Bloods, a notorious street gang. These specific hand gestures are primarily utilized for communication purposes within the organization and may vary across different regions or sets affiliated with the Bloods.Oct 2, 2023 · B Sign: In contrast to the previous sign, displaying a closed fist with only your thumb extended signifies disrespect towards rival gangs such as the Bloods. The Bloods are arch-rivals of the Crips, hence their substitution of “B” for “C.” Pitchfork: Another commonly seen hand sign among Crips members is known as the pitchfork or three ... The Bloods and Crips are two notorious street gangs with a long-lasting rivalry. Their feud began in Los Angeles in the early 1970s and has since spread across the U.S. ... Plus, each group has its own set of hand signs, colors, and terminology. Not all members of these gangs partake in illegal activities; some join for protection or to form a ...Norteños and affiliated gangs [11] Mara Salvatrucha, commonly known as MS-13, is an international criminal gang that originated in Los Angeles, California, in the 1980s. Originally, the gang was set up to protect Salvadoran immigrants from other gangs in the Los Angeles area. Over time, the gang grew into a more traditional criminal organization.Short answer crips gang signs and symbols: Crips, a notorious street gang originating in Los Angeles, employ various hand signs and symbols to represent their affiliation. Commonly used are the C-shaped hand gesture, blue clothing as an identifier, graffiti featuring six-pointed stars or letter Cs. These visual cues help members …The gang’s origins are disputed. According to some reports, Stanley (“Tookie”) Williams and Raymond Washington, both high schoolers in Los Angeles, founded the Crips in 1971 for protection from gang violence. Others claim that Washington, inspired by the Black Panthers, formed a political group in 1969 that evolved into a street gang.Blueface Crip hand signsThe main color associated with the Westside Bloods is red – a symbol representing pride, power, and loyalty among its members. 2. The Importance of Symbols. Symbols play a pivotal role in any subculture or organization’s identity formation process – gangs are no exception.The Bloods are a primarily African-American street gang founded in Los Angeles, California. The gang is widely known for its rivalry with the Crips. It is identified by the …Nov 2, 2018 ... PHOTOS | Suspected Rollin' 20s gang members arrested ... To understand the Bloods, it's necessary to learn about the Crips and the violent decades ...Preface: Throughout the World Wide Web, there are web sites, news reports, and other sources that declare that Stanley "Tookie" Williams was a founder of the Crips. This report, with historical information submitted by a 30 year veteran of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, describes the history and origin of the Crips and Bloods and describes the fact that although he was a part of that ...Oct 20, 2022 ... Prison Wisdom - How Bloods and Crips ... How The Crips Gang Actually Works | How Crime Works | Insider ... Throwing FAKE GANG SIGNS on Thugs in the ...2 days ago ... Fichnz #gang #Bloods #Blood #Blood_Sign #Bloods_RAPPERS ...Crip gang signs as hand signals do not differ from the use by Bloods, except for the different assigned meanings. [ source ] “West coast” “Devil’s pitchfork” …Aug 20, 2023 · Crip gang signs are hand gestures used by members of the Crips, one of the most notorious street gangs in America. Originating in Los Angeles during the late 1960s, these gestures serve as visual communication within the gang, allowing them to identify each other while avoiding detection from rivals or law enforcement. Dec 28, 2011 · Gang members use hand signs to communicate with each other and to challenge rival members or law enforcement officers in what they call "throwing signs." After forming in Los Angeles in the early 1970s, the Bloods street gang spread to the East Coast and formed "sets." These sets include the Piru Bloods, Fruit Town Brims, and South Side Brims (in western Maryland). The hand signs in this ... Sep 22, 2020 ... с бандой, bloods на русском, bloods и crips объединились, bloods crips ... #xxxtentacion #handsigns #gangsigns #cripsandbloods ... LIL LOADED HAND ...1. Unmasking Hand Gestures: From schoolyards to street corners, subtle and complex hand signals silently communicate allegiance among gang members worldwide. These unique symbols serve as a form of non-verbal communication within close-knit communities who operate through unwritten codes and hierarchies. 2.The Bloods are a primarily African-American street gang founded in Los Angeles, California. The gang is widely known for its rivalry with the Crips. It is identified by the red color worn by its members and by particular gang symbols, including distinctive hand signs.Hand sign used by Crips and Folk sets such as;Gangster Disciples or Black Disciples here in Houston. 5pt star is used by PEOPLE Nation sets like Latin Kings and Vice Lords. This sign has also been adopted by local Houston gangs such as Bloods or some Hispanic gangs. 5pt star is used by PEOPLE Nation sets like Latin Kings and Vice Lords.Sep 6, 2023 · Short answer on Crips gang sign tattoo: 1) The Origin and Meaning Behind Crips Gang Sign Tattoos: Understanding the Symbolism. 2) Exploring the Controversial Connection Between Tattoo Culture and Street Gangs, specifically with Crip-related designs. 3) Decoding Crippin’: Analyzing Different Interpretations of Crips’ Hand Signs in Tattoo Form. Sep 6, 2023 · The Crip gang is one of the most notorious gangs in America, known for their hand signs that serve as a form of communication among members. These signs convey messages, mark territories and identify affiliations within the gang. 1. Throwing up a “C” sign: Members often use this gesture to represent their affiliation with the Crips. The Crips are an alliance of street gangs that is based in the coastal regions of Southern California.Founded in Los Angeles, California, in 1969, mainly by Raymond Washington and Stanley Williams, the Crips began as an alliance between two autonomous gangs, and developed into a loosely connected network of individual "sets", often engaged in open … Communication: Use of gestures and hand signs to distinguish affiliation to a gang. Notes and messages written on school lockers, notebooks, etc. Graffiti on notebooks, desks, walls and other school property. Use of gang language such as “homeboy”, “homegirl”, “homie”, “slob (Bloods) and “crab or cuz (Crips)”. In this article, we delve into the history and origins of these unique hand signals used by one of America’s notorious gangs – The Piru Bloods. ### Origin Story: The Rise of the Piru Bloods The formation and rise to prominence of the Piru Blood gang can be traced back to Compton, a suburb in Los Angeles County during the early 1970s.Much like astrology might attribute personality to the stars, blood type personality theory attempts to connect personality traits to blood types. The Japanese theory of ketsueki-g...To truly master the Blood gang sign, proper hand positioning is key. Start by extending your right arm straight out in front of you at chest level with your palm facing down towards the ground. Your fingers should be pressed tightly together, creating a flat surface while maintaining a natural curve at your knuckles. 3.Abstract. The Crips and the Bloods street gangs originated in California in 1969. They began because of a territorial struggle, in which youths in neighborhoods felt the need to band together for protection from rival youths. They have an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 members. Initially, they seemed to be primarily involved in predatory crimes in ...Below we provide a brief overview highlighting some common types of gang hand signs: ### 1. Bloods & Crips – Rivals with Distinct Signals. The notorious street gangs “Bloods” and “Crips,” which originated from Los Angeles, California, have their own sets of unique hand signals utilized by members for identification purposes within ...The Crips emerged in Los Angeles in the late 1960s as one of the most notorious street gangs in American history. Originally formed to protect their community from other rival gangs, they quickly gained a reputation for violence and territorial disputes. The Crip gang sign is performed by extending both hands forward while curling the fingers ...Understanding Blood Gang Signs: A Step-by-Step Guide. Understanding Blood Gang Signs: A Step-by-Step Guide. Welcome to our comprehensive guide on understanding blood gang signs. In this article, we will delve into the intricate world of street gangs and decipher their complex hand gestures and symbols commonly known …New York gang signs are nonverbal and hand gestures used by street gangs in New York City to communicate messages, claim territory, display allegiance, or intimidate rivals. These signs can vary among different gang affiliations and serve as a visual language within the local gang culture. Common examples include throwing up …Feb 3, 2024 ... Fichnz #gang #Bloods #Blood #Blood_Sign #Bloods_RAPPERS ...Feb 3, 2024 ... Fichnz #gang #Bloods #Blood #Blood_Sign #Bloods_RAPPERS ...The Bloods began in the early 1970s in Los Angeles, CA, for protection against a larger more domineering gang, the Crips. The Crips had formed following the dismantling of the Black Panther Party and had quickly grown in numbers by absorbing local street gangs. Several local gangs refusing to join the Crips or submit toIn exploring Florida’s unique gang hand sign language, it is essential to decipher the meaning behind various symbols employed by different gangs across the state. While each symbol holds significance within specific groups, some commonalities can be found through extensive research and analysis. 1. Fist with extended pinky finger: …This section is followed by instructions on how to identify a gang member by attitude, demeanor, clothing, symbols, colors, grooming, and gang customs. A separate section provides details on gang symbols. Depictions of gang symbols are provided for the following gangs: Bloods, Crips, People Nation, Folk Nation, Latino gangs, prison gangs, Asian ...#cripgang #bloodgang #signs #sign #signing #signlanguage #gang #gangsta #gangster #gangs #gangstas #gangsters #crip #blood #crips #bloods #cripsgang #bloodsgang.Each specific hand sign employed by crip gang members holds unique connotations and interpretations embedded deeply in street culture: ### 1. Classic ‘C’ formation: One notable representation is forming a letter ‘C’ shape with fingers denoting affiliation with. crips — conveying loyalty towards their shared cause. ### 2.Jun 1, 2023 · 5.1 Blood Gang Signs. The Bloods are one of the two largest street gangs in the United States. They originated in Los Angeles during the 1970s as competition to their central rivals, known as the Crips. Both the Bloods and Crips are traditionally black gangs, however, a few Asians and Latinos have joined their ranks. – *Crips vs. Bloods*: Rivals with influential roles shaping street culture identities. ## Hand Signals Used by the Bloods One key aspect to understanding street culture is recognizing their coded hand gestures or “hand signs.” These symbols serve as a visual representation of belongingness within specific subcultures like the Bloods[^3^].May 1, 2023 ... Fichnz #gang #Crips #Crip #Crip_Sign #CRIP_RAPPERS ...The Crips emerged in Los Angeles in the late 1960s as one of the most notorious street gangs in American history. Originally formed to protect their community from other rival gangs, they quickly gained a reputation for violence and territorial disputes. The Crip gang sign is performed by extending both hands forward while curling the …Updated: 12/27/2022. The Bloods is a street gang, predominantly made up of African-Americans originally from Los Angeles, California, that has grown to numerous chapters …Preface: Throughout the World Wide Web, there are web sites, news reports, and other sources that declare that Stanley "Tookie" Williams was a founder of the Crips. This report, with historical information submitted by a 30 year veteran of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, describes the history and origin of the Crips and Bloods …1. Unmasking Hand Gestures: From schoolyards to street corners, subtle and complex hand signals silently communicate allegiance among gang members worldwide. These unique symbols serve as a form of non-verbal communication within close-knit communities who operate through unwritten codes and hierarchies. 2.High blood sugar symptoms come in stages and can develop slowly. High blood sugar symptoms come in stages and can develop slowly. For individuals in the early stage of diabetes and...Blood gang hand signs are gestures used by members of the Bloods street gang to represent their affiliation. Commonly, these include a raised index and middle finger forming a ‘B’ shape or signifying the number two, representing “Second Letter” for Blood. Additionally, other hand signals can vary in meaning among subgroups within the gang.Short answer 52 hoova gang signs: The 52 Hoova Gang is a Crip-affiliated street gang based in Los Angeles. Their hand signs include holding up five fingers on one hand and two fingers on the other, symbolizing “5-Deuce,” their subset number. These gestures are used to identify fellow members and assert territorial presence within the …Gang Sign: The Crips The Crips Gang Sign Evolution of the Name. Crips didn’t start out as Crips, the name chosen was ‘Cribs’ – due to the young age of the …Sep 6, 2023 · The Crip gang is one of the most notorious gangs in America, known for their hand signs that serve as a form of communication among members. These signs convey messages, mark territories and identify affiliations within the gang. 1. Throwing up a “C” sign: Members often use this gesture to represent their affiliation with the Crips. Title: Common Hand Signs and Gestures of the 59 Piru Gang in Los Angeles. Paragraph (500 characters): The 59 Piru gang is a well-known faction within the larger Bloods alliance that operates in Los Angeles. Recognizing their hand signs and gestures can provide insights into their affiliations, territories, or warnings to rival gangs.Unveiling the Rollin 60 Gang Sign: A Closer Look at its Meaning and Origins. Short answer rollin 60 gang sign: The Rollin’ 60s Neighborhood Crips is a street gang known for using specific hand signs as a means of identification and communication. The most common gang sign associated with the Rollin’ 60s is made by extending the …Bloods use hand signs to communicate with one another. Hand signs may be a singular movement, like the American Sign Language letter "B", or a series of movements using one or both hands for more complex phrases.They Inked “211” as a tattoo, number two represents the “B” in the alphabet , and number eleven represents “K” in alphabet. “BK” Mean “Blood Killa”. In some Crip gang members we can see tattoos like “3 18 9 16”, this one spells out “Crip” in alphabetic order. Some members inked their hand signs as a tattoo. For more ...To truly master the Blood gang sign, proper hand positioning is key. Start by extending your right arm straight out in front of you at chest level with your palm facing down towards the ground. Your fingers should be pressed tightly together, creating a flat surface while maintaining a natural curve at your knuckles. 3.In exploring Florida’s unique gang hand sign language, it is essential to decipher the meaning behind various symbols employed by different gangs across the state. While each symbol holds significance within specific groups, some commonalities can be found through extensive research and analysis. 1. Fist with extended pinky finger: …After you are diagnosed with high blood pressure, your health care provider may ask you to keep track of your blood pressure by measuring it at home. There are easy-to-use devices ...Blood hand signs are a form of nonverbal communication used by some members of criminal gangs associated with the Bloods, particularly in North America. These gestures include specific movements or arrangements of the fingers and hands that signify gang affiliation and solidarity. They serve as a way for individuals to identify themselves as ...Preface: Throughout the World Wide Web, there are web sites, news reports, and other sources that declare that Stanley "Tookie" Williams was a founder of the Crips. This report, with historical information submitted by a 30 year veteran of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, describes the history and origin of the Crips and Bloods …Helping people is great, and you can look cool doing it. Ideally, the prospect of saving lives and the personal satisfaction of helping others would be motivation enough to get us ...The two gangs have their symbols and behavio r. The Bloods wear red and use the number five, while the Crips wear blue and use six-point stars. Plus, they call each other “cuz” or “blood killer“. The two gangs have been linked to criminal activity like drug trafficking, robbery, murder for hire, extortion, and prostitution.Common gang signs include hand gestures and symbols used by members of specific gangs to communicate with each other or assert their affiliation. Examples include the Crips’ “C” symbol, Bloods’ “B” symbol, and the Latin Kings’ five-pointed crown. These gestures can often be seen as a form of non-verbal communication within these ...Sep 6, 2023 · The Crip gang is one of the most notorious gangs in America, known for their hand signs that serve as a form of communication among members. These signs convey messages, mark territories and identify affiliations within the gang. 1. Throwing up a “C” sign: Members often use this gesture to represent their affiliation with the Crips. The Bloods and Crips gang rivalry began in the Compton area of Los Angeles during the early 1970s, when the newer Bloods encroached on territory that was under the control of the a...Short answer – Gang signs are hand gestures used by gang members to identify their affiliation, communicate messages, and intimidate rivals. Each sign carries a specific meaning unique to the particular gang or alliance. These signs can include finger configurations, palm orientations, or specific movements that signify loyalty or disdain ...Now let’s get started! Step 1: The Basics. To become proficient in understanding Crip gang signs, learning some fundamental concepts is crucial. A good place to start would be understanding why individuals employ such forms of non-verbal communication within gangs or close-knit communities.Crips is an acronym that allegedly stands for Community Revolution in Progress. 10. The Crips gang originated in Los Angeles in 1969 and stemmed from the Black Panther organization Credit: Corbis Historical - Getty. 10. Rapper Cardi B has been linked to the Bloods gang Credit: Getty Images.Short answer: LA gang signs and meanings. LA gang signs are symbolic hand gestures used by members to communicate affiliation, loyalty, and challenges. Each sign represents a specific street or prison gang alongside various messages like threats or disrespect. Although diverse meanings exist among different gangs, common symbols …Jun 30, 2022 · WARNING: I shared this video because of Y'all repeated requests, but note that Gang Sign is not a joke and should not be thrown in the wrong places, especial... Let us now immerse ourselves in decoding several notable Gang Crip Signs commonly used within the culture: 1. The “C” Formation: Start by extending your thumb, index, and middle fingers, forming the iconic “C” shape, which represents Crips. Keep your ring and pinky fingers gently curled into your palm. 2.Short answer: Rollin 60 Crip gang signs. Rollin 60 Crip, also known as RSC, is a street gang formed in Los Angeles. Their hand gestures or “gang signs” primarily include displaying the letter ‘C’ and ‘S.’. These signs signify their affiliation with the Crips and represent camaraderie within the group.
Communication: Use of gestures and hand signs to distinguish affiliation to a gang. Notes and messages written on school lockers, notebooks, etc. Graffiti on notebooks, desks, walls and other school property. Use of gang language such as “homeboy”, “homegirl”, “homie”, “slob (Bloods) and “crab or cuz (Crips)”. . Grand forks news today
These hand signs include gestures such as the “C” symbol with fingers, displaying specific numbers using fingers, and other intricate movements that represent loyalty and affiliation to the Crip gang. Contents. What are Crip Gang Signs with Hands? Exploring the Basics. Step-by-Step Guide: How to Perform Crip Gang Signs with Hands.2. The “Pitchfork” Hand Sign: Next in line is the intriguing “Pitchfork” hand sign usually associated with rival gangs originating from Chicago’s streets. This gesture forms an inverted ‘V’ shape with extended fingers placed together at the bottom and separated towards the top, mimicking a pitchfork’s prongs.Bloods Gang Leg Tattoo. Leg tattoos are also very common amongst the Bloods. They often get a tattoo of the star with 5 sides, which symbolizes the 5 points of knowledge within the United Bloods Nation. When recreating the tattoo, think outside the box. Try and add a crown framed shape to surround some of the symbols that the Bloods have.Dec 5, 2022 · Forming a "BK" with one hand expresses that one is a "Blood killer," the Bloods being a rival gang of the Crips. Various other hand signs also showcase a person's Crip affiliation. Tattoos The use of the ring finger down sign can be traced back to the Piru Bloods, a Los Angeles-based street gang that originated in the 1970s. This gang is widely credited with popularizing the gesture, which later spread to other prison gangs. ... This can be seen in various communities where gangs use this hand sign as a way to identify themselves ...Mar 31, 2024 ... Comments ; BLOODS GANG SIGNS " BLOODS MEANING + TUTORIAL ". Fichnz · 527 views ; Crip Walk VS Blood Walk Tutorial. Lord Hec · 2.7M views ; ...Page 1 of 503. Gang members use hand signs to communicate with each other and to challenge rival members or law enforcement officers in what they call "throwing signs." After forming in Los Angeles in the early 1970s, the Bloods street gang spread to the East Coast and formed "sets."Gang Sign: The Crips The Crips Gang Sign Evolution of the Name. Crips didn’t start out as Crips, the name chosen was ‘Cribs’ – due to the young age of the …Crips, street gang based in Los Angeles that is involved in various illegal activities, notably drug dealing, theft, extortion, and murder.The group, which is largely African American, is traditionally associated with the color blue.The Crips gained national attention for their bitter rivalry with the Bloods.. The gang’s origins are disputed. ...The Crip gang is one of the most notorious gangs in America, known for their hand signs that serve as a form of communication among members. These signs convey messages, mark territories and identify affiliations within the gang. 1. Throwing up a “C” sign: Members often use this gesture to represent their affiliation with the Crips.As street gangs adapt to changing environments, their visual language evolves alongside it. Throughout history, various factors such as geographic location and external influences have shaped how blood gang hand signs are used today. 1) **Technology’s Impact:** Advances in digital communication have altered the way people communicate ...The Bloods began in the early 1970s in Los Angeles, CA, for protection against a larger more domineering gang, the Crips. The Crips had formed following the dismantling of the Black Panther Party and had quickly grown in numbers by absorbing local street gangs. Several local gangs refusing to join the Crips or submit toBlood and Crip gang signs are hand gestures used as a form of communication among members of the respective gangs – the Bloods and the Crips. These signals serve various purposes, including displaying allegiance, identifying fellow gang members, or representing specific neighborhoods within these factions.Understanding Blood Gang Signs: A Step-by-Step Guide. Understanding Blood Gang Signs: A Step-by-Step Guide. Welcome to our comprehensive guide on understanding blood gang signs. In this article, we will delve into the intricate world of street gangs and decipher their complex hand gestures and symbols commonly known …– *Crips vs. Bloods*: Rivals with influential roles shaping street culture identities. ## Hand Signals Used by the Bloods One key aspect to understanding street culture is recognizing their coded hand gestures or “hand signs.” These symbols serve as a visual representation of belongingness within specific subcultures like the Bloods[^3^]..
Popular Topics
- Ellensburg power outageIberia parish sheriff dept
- Hong kong gourmet richboro pa 18954Cpt 49590
- What does the red dot mean on samsung contactsMaytag washer off balance error
- Directtv hallmark channelSwap meet springfield
- Final fantasy 14 server congestionAmarillo to dumas tx
- Net worth of jimmy pageUsopp dying
- Flight 2054 jetblueCurrent gulf of mexico water temperatures